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# Concurrent Map and Map-Reduce

The <QtConcurrentMap> header provides concurrent Map and MapReduce. These functions are a part of the Qt Concurrent framework.

The QtConcurrent::map(), QtConcurrent::mapped() and QtConcurrent::mappedReduced() functions run computations in parallel on the items in a sequence such as a QList or a QVector. QtConcurrent::map() modifies a sequence in-place, QtConcurrent::mapped() returns a new sequence containing the modified content, and QtConcurrent::mappedReduced() returns a single result.

## Concurrent Map

QtConcurrent::mapped() takes an input sequence and a map function. This map function is then called for each item in the sequence, and a new sequence containing the return values from the map function is returned.

The map function must be of the form:
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    U function(const T &t);

T and U can be any type (and they can even be the same type), but T must match the type stored in the sequence. The function returns the modified or mapped content.

This example shows how to apply a scale function to all the items in a sequence:
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    QImage scaled(const QImage &image)
    {
        return image.scaled(100, 100);
    }

    QList<QImage> images = ...;
    QFuture<QImage> thumbnails = QtConcurrent::mapped(images, scaled);

The results of the map are made available through QFuture. See the QFuture and QFutureWatcher documentation for more information on how to use QFuture in your applications.

If you want to modify a sequence in-place, use QtConcurrent::map(). The map function must then be of the form:
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    U function(T &t);

Note that the return value and return type of the map function are not used.

Using QtConcurrent::map() is similar to using QtConcurrent::mapped():
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    void scale(QImage &image)
    {
        image = image.scaled(100, 100);
    }

    QList<QImage> images = ...;
    QFuture<void> future = QtConcurrent::map(images, scale);

Since the sequence is modified in place, QtConcurrent::map() does not return any results via QFuture. However, you can still use QFuture and QFutureWatcher to monitor the status of the map.

## Concurrent Map-Reduce

QtConcurrent::mappedReduced() is similar to QtConcurrent::mapped(), but instead of returning a sequence with the new results, the results are combined into a single value using a reduce function.

The reduce function must be of the form:
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    V function(T &result, const U &intermediate)

T is the type of the final result, U is the return type of the map function. Note that the return value and return type of the reduce function are not used.

Call QtConcurrent::mappedReduced() like this:
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    void addToCollage(QImage &collage, const QImage &thumbnail)
    {
        QPainter p(&collage);
        static QPoint offset = QPoint(0, 0);
        p.drawImage(offset, thumbnail);
        offset += ...;
    }

    QList<QImage> images = ...;
    QFuture<QImage> collage = QtConcurrent::mappedReduced(images, scaled, addToCollage);

The reduce function will be called once for each result returned by the map function, and should merge the intermediate into the result variable. QtConcurrent::mappedReduced() guarantees that only one thread will call reduce at a time, so using a mutex to lock the result variable is not neccesary. The QtConcurrent::ReduceOptions enum provides a way to control the order in which the reduction is done. If QtConcurrent::UnorderedReduce is used (the default), the order is undefined, while QtConcurrent::OrderedReduce ensures that the reduction is done in the order of the original sequence.

## Additional API Features

### Using Iterators instead of Sequence

Each of the above functions has a variant that takes an iterator range instead of a sequence. You use them in the same way as the sequence variants:
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    QList<QImage> images = ...;

    QFuture<QImage> thumbnails = QtConcurrent::mapped(images.constBegin(), images.constEnd(), scaled);

    // map in-place only works on non-const iterators
    QFuture<void> future = QtConcurrent::map(images.begin(), images.end(), scale);

    QFuture<QImage> collage = QtConcurrent::mappedReduced(images.constBegin(), images.constEnd(), scaled, addToCollage);

### Blocking Variants

Each of the above functions has a blocking variant that returns the final result instead of a QFuture. You use them in the same way as the asynchronous variants.
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    QList<QImage> images = ...;

    // each call blocks until the entire operation is finished
    QList<QImage> future = QtConcurrent::blockingMapped(images, scaled);

    QtConcurrent::blockingMap(images, scale);

    QImage collage = QtConcurrent::blockingMappedReduced(images, scaled, addToCollage);

Note that the result types above are not QFuture objects, but real result types (in this case, QList<QImage> and QImage).

### Using Member Functions

QtConcurrent::map(), QtConcurrent::mapped(), and QtConcurrent::mappedReduced() accept pointers to member functions. The member function class type must match the type stored in the sequence:
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    // squeeze all strings in a QStringList
    QStringList strings = ...;
    QFuture<void> squeezedStrings = QtConcurrent::map(strings, &QString::squeeze);

    // swap the rgb values of all pixels on a list of images
    QList<QImage> images = ...;
    QFuture<QImage> bgrImages = QtConcurrent::mapped(images, &QImage::rgbSwapped);

    // create a set of the lengths of all strings in a list
    QStringList strings = ...;
    QFuture<QSet<int> > wordLengths = QtConcurrent::mappedReduced(string, &QString::length, &QSet<int>::insert);

Note that when using QtConcurrent::mappedReduced(), you can mix the use of normal and member functions freely:
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    // can mix normal functions and member functions with QtConcurrent::mappedReduced()

    // compute the average length of a list of strings
    extern void computeAverage(int &average, int length);
    QStringList strings = ...;
    QFuture<int> averageWordLength = QtConcurrent::mappedReduced(strings, &QString::length, computeAverage);

    // create a set of the color distribution of all images in a list
    extern int colorDistribution(const QImage &string);
    QList<QImage> images = ...;
    QFuture<QSet<int> > totalColorDistribution = QtConcurrent::mappedReduced(images, colorDistribution, QSet<int>::insert);

### Using Function Objects

QtConcurrent::map(), QtConcurrent::mapped(), and QtConcurrent::mappedReduced() accept function objects, which can be used to add state to a function call. The result_type typedef must define the result type of the function call operator:
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    struct Scaled
    {
        Scaled(int size)
        : m_size(size) { }

        typedef QImage result_type;

        QImage operator()(const QImage &image)
        {
            return image.scaled(m_size, m_size);
        }

        int m_size;
    };

    QList<QImage> images = ...;
    QFuture<QImage> thumbnails = QtConcurrent::mapped(images, Scaled(100));

### Using Bound Function Arguments

Note that Qt does not provide support for bound functions. This is provided by 3rd party libraries like Boost or C++ TR1 Library Extensions.

If you want to use a map function that takes more than one argument you can use boost::bind() or std::tr1::bind() to transform it onto a function that takes one argument.

As an example, we'll use QImage::scaledToWidth():
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    QImage QImage::scaledToWidth(int width, Qt::TransformationMode) const;

scaledToWidth takes three arguments (including the "this" pointer) and can't be used with QtConcurrent::mapped() directly, because QtConcurrent::mapped() expects a function that takes one argument. To use QImage::scaledToWidth() with QtConcurrent::mapped() we have to provide a value for the width and the transformation mode:
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    boost::bind(&QImage::scaledToWidth, 100 Qt::SmoothTransformation)

The return value from boost::bind() is a function object (functor) with the following signature:
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    QImage scaledToWith(const QImage &image)

This matches what QtConcurrent::mapped() expects, and the complete example becomes:
The following code example is written in c++.

    QList<QImage> images = ...;
    QFuture<QImage> thumbnails = QtConcurrent::mapped(images, boost::bind(&QImage::scaledToWidth, 100 Qt::SmoothTransformation));