Introduction

The purpose of this vignette is to demonstrate how to use queuecomputer to understand M/M/k queues. We consider one M/M/1 queue and two M/M/3 queues. The working follows the theoretical results for M/M/k queues as shown in Thomopoulos, N (2012).

library(queuecomputer)

Queueing Functions

P_0_func <- function(rho, k){
  sum_i <- rep(NA, k)
  
  for(i in 0:I(k-1))
  {
    sum_i[i+1] <- rho^i / factorial(i)
  }
  
  p_0 <- 1/(sum(sum_i) + rho^k/(factorial(k - 1) * (k - rho)))
  return(p_0)
}

P_n <- function(rho,n,k){
  
  p_0 <- P_0_func(rho, k)
  if(n <= k){
    output <- rho^n / factorial(n) * p_0
  } else {
    output <- rho^n / (factorial(k) * k^(n-k)) * p_0
  }
  return(output)
}

Lq <- function(rho, k){
  p_0 <- P_0_func(rho, k)
  
  output <- p_0 * rho^{k+1} / ( factorial(k-1) * (k - rho)^2)
  return(output)
}

Setup

set.seed(1)

n_customers <- 250000

lambda_a <- 1/1
lambda_s <- 1/0.8

interarrivals <- rexp(n_customers, lambda_a)

arrivals <- cumsum(interarrivals)
arrival_df <- data.frame(ID = c(1:n_customers), times = arrivals)

service <- rexp(n_customers, lambda_s)

rho <- (1/lambda_s) / (1/lambda_a)

MM1 queue

Theoretical

k = 1

p_0 <- P_n(rho, n=0, k)

### System lengths -----------------------
Vectorize(P_n, "n")(rho=rho, n=c(0:30), k = k)

##  [1] 0.2000000000 0.1600000000 0.1280000000 0.1024000000 0.0819200000
##  [6] 0.0655360000 0.0524288000 0.0419430400 0.0335544320 0.0268435456
## [11] 0.0214748365 0.0171798692 0.0137438953 0.0109951163 0.0087960930
## [16] 0.0070368744 0.0056294995 0.0045035996 0.0036028797 0.0028823038
## [21] 0.0023058430 0.0018446744 0.0014757395 0.0011805916 0.0009444733
## [26] 0.0007555786 0.0006044629 0.0004835703 0.0003868563 0.0003094850
## [31] 0.0002475880

### Estimated queue length -----------------
LQ <- Lq(rho, k)

### Estimated units in system -----------
Lq(rho, k) + rho

## [1] 4

Ws = 1/lambda_s
Wq = LQ / lambda_a
W = Ws + Wq

Wq # Mean waiting time (time in queue)

## [1] 3.2

W # Mean response time (time in system)

## [1] 4

Observed

MM1 <- queue_step(arrival_df = arrival_df, service = service, servers = k)

MM1_summary <- summary(MM1)

signif(MM1_summary$system_lengths, 4)

##         0         1         2         3         4         5         6 
## 1.986e-01 1.615e-01 1.278e-01 1.028e-01 8.173e-02 6.645e-02 5.365e-02 
##         7         8         9        10        11        12        13 
## 4.304e-02 3.386e-02 2.646e-02 2.129e-02 1.751e-02 1.377e-02 1.082e-02 
##        14        15        16        17        18        19        20 
## 8.500e-03 6.622e-03 5.275e-03 4.236e-03 3.399e-03 2.697e-03 2.361e-03 
##        21        22        23        24        25        26        27 
## 1.768e-03 1.347e-03 1.082e-03 8.410e-04 5.812e-04 3.819e-04 3.082e-04 
##        28        29        30        31        32        33        34 
## 2.494e-04 2.290e-04 1.697e-04 1.285e-04 1.197e-04 1.069e-04 7.485e-05 
##        35        36        37        38        39        40        41 
## 3.322e-05 3.442e-05 3.162e-05 4.523e-05 2.842e-05 1.681e-05 1.161e-05 
##        42 
## 3.202e-06

MM1_summary$queue_lengths %*% c(0:I(length(MM1_summary$queue_lengths) - 1)) # Mean queue length

##          [,1]
## [1,] 3.146248

MM1_summary$system_lengths %*% c(0:I(length(MM1_summary$system_lengths) - 1)) # Mean system length (number of customers in system)

##          [,1]
## [1,] 3.947628

MM1_summary$mwt # Mean waiting time

## [1] 3.144179

MM1_summary$mrt # Mean response time

## [1] 3.945074

MM3 queue

Theoretical

k = 3

p_0 <- P_n(rho, 0, k)

### System lengths -----------------------
Vectorize(P_n, "n")(rho=rho, n=c(0:30), k = k)

##  [1] 4.471545e-01 3.577236e-01 1.430894e-01 3.815718e-02 1.017525e-02
##  [6] 2.713400e-03 7.235732e-04 1.929529e-04 5.145410e-05 1.372109e-05
## [11] 3.658958e-06 9.757221e-07 2.601926e-07 6.938468e-08 1.850258e-08
## [16] 4.934022e-09 1.315739e-09 3.508638e-10 9.356368e-11 2.495031e-11
## [21] 6.653417e-12 1.774245e-12 4.731319e-13 1.261685e-13 3.364493e-14
## [26] 8.971982e-15 2.392529e-15 6.380076e-16 1.701354e-16 4.536943e-17
## [31] 1.209851e-17

### Estimated queue length -----------------
LQ <- Lq(rho, k)

### Estimated units in system -----------
Lq(rho, k) + rho

## [1] 0.8189209

Ws = 1/lambda_s
Wq = LQ / lambda_a
W = Ws + Wq

Wq # Mean waiting time (time in queue)

## [1] 0.01892092

W # Mean response time (time in system)

## [1] 0.8189209

Observed

MM3 <- queue_step(arrival_df = arrival_df, service = service, servers = k)

MM3_summary <- summary(MM3)

signif(MM3_summary$system_lengths, 4)

##         0         1         2         3         4         5         6 
## 4.462e-01 3.582e-01 1.436e-01 3.821e-02 1.014e-02 2.731e-03 7.169e-04 
##         7         8         9        10        11 
## 1.769e-04 3.082e-05 1.361e-05 3.202e-06 2.001e-06

MM3_summary$queue_lengths %*% c(0:I(length(MM3_summary$queue_lengths) - 1)) # Mean queue length

##            [,1]
## [1,] 0.01873655

MM3_summary$system_lengths %*% c(0:I(length(MM3_summary$system_lengths) - 1)) # Mean system length (number of customers in system)

##           [,1]
## [1,] 0.8201465

MM3_summary$mwt # Mean waiting time

## [1] 0.0187137

MM3_summary$mrt # Mean response time

## [1] 0.8196092

MM3 queue (second)

# Setup ----------

set.seed(2)

n_customers <- 250000

lambda_a <- 1/1
lambda_s <- 1/2.5

interarrivals <- rexp(n_customers, lambda_a)

arrivals <- cumsum(interarrivals)
arrival_df <- data.frame(ID = c(1:n_customers), times = arrivals)

service <- rexp(n_customers, lambda_s)

Theoretical

rho <- (1/lambda_s) / (1/lambda_a)

# MM3 queue ------------------------------

k = 3

## Theoretical -------------------

p_0 <- P_n(rho, 0, k)

### System lengths -----------------------
Vectorize(P_n, "n")(rho=rho, n=c(0:30), k = k)

##  [1] 0.0449438202 0.1123595506 0.1404494382 0.1170411985 0.0975343321
##  [6] 0.0812786101 0.0677321751 0.0564434792 0.0470362327 0.0391968606
## [11] 0.0326640505 0.0272200421 0.0226833684 0.0189028070 0.0157523392
## [16] 0.0131269493 0.0109391244 0.0091159370 0.0075966142 0.0063305118
## [21] 0.0052754265 0.0043961888 0.0036634906 0.0030529089 0.0025440907
## [26] 0.0021200756 0.0017667297 0.0014722747 0.0012268956 0.0010224130
## [31] 0.0008520108

### Estimated queue length -----------------
LQ <- Lq(rho, k)

### Estimated units in system -----------
Lq(rho, k) + rho

## [1] 6.011236

### Waiting times -----------
Ws = 1/lambda_s
Wq = LQ / lambda_a
W = Ws + Wq

Wq # Mean waiting time (time in queue)

## [1] 3.511236

W # Mean response time (time in system)

## [1] 6.011236

Observed

MM3_2 <- queue_step(arrival_df = arrival_df, service = service, servers = k)

MM3_2_summary <- summary(MM3_2)

signif(MM3_2_summary$system_lengths, 4)

##         0         1         2         3         4         5         6 
## 4.486e-02 1.109e-01 1.377e-01 1.158e-01 9.756e-02 8.142e-02 6.784e-02 
##         7         8         9        10        11        12        13 
## 5.619e-02 4.724e-02 3.952e-02 3.270e-02 2.806e-02 2.242e-02 1.888e-02 
##        14        15        16        17        18        19        20 
## 1.519e-02 1.295e-02 1.104e-02 9.402e-03 7.739e-03 6.690e-03 5.541e-03 
##        21        22        23        24        25        26        27 
## 4.442e-03 3.859e-03 3.244e-03 2.623e-03 2.259e-03 2.232e-03 1.698e-03 
##        28        29        30        31        32        33        34 
## 1.580e-03 1.200e-03 1.099e-03 8.428e-04 7.594e-04 6.011e-04 5.342e-04 
##        35        36        37        38        39        40        41 
## 4.300e-04 3.823e-04 3.471e-04 3.062e-04 2.352e-04 2.364e-04 1.611e-04 
##        42        43        44        45        46        47        48 
## 1.964e-04 1.984e-04 1.647e-04 9.217e-05 7.935e-05 5.050e-05 4.168e-05 
##        49        50        51        52        53        54        55 
## 2.725e-05 4.008e-05 2.204e-05 2.525e-05 2.685e-05 2.244e-05 2.525e-05 
##        56        57        58        59        60        61        62 
## 1.924e-05 2.164e-05 4.248e-05 3.286e-05 4.328e-05 3.967e-05 1.202e-05 
##        63        64        65        66        67        68        69 
## 6.412e-06 8.015e-06 8.416e-06 2.405e-06 4.809e-06 9.618e-06 7.614e-06 
##        70        71        72 
## 4.408e-06 4.008e-07 1.603e-06

MM3_2_summary$queue_lengths %*% c(0:I(length(MM3_2_summary$queue_lengths) - 1)) # Mean queue length

##          [,1]
## [1,] 3.646973

MM3_2_summary$system_lengths %*% c(0:I(length(MM3_2_summary$system_lengths) - 1)) # Mean system length (number of customers in system)

##          [,1]
## [1,] 6.152826

MM3_2_summary$mwt # Mean waiting time

## [1] 3.640104

MM3_2_summary$mrt # Mean response time

## [1] 6.141271

M/M/k queues

Anthony Ebert

2016-12-20

Introduction

Queueing Functions

Setup

MM1 queue

Theoretical

Observed

MM3 queue

Theoretical

Observed

MM3 queue (second)

Theoretical

Observed

Bibliography